The First Patient

1. The people waiting in the room all show their anxiety in different ways. How do they try to hide their anxiety? Give examples of two persons in the Play?
(March 2001, 1991, Sept 1993)The patients tried to hide he anxiety by talking to one another about some unimportant and petty things. A woman (W 15) was showing the photographs to he other patients. Some one said that there was no need for worrying because the dentist knew what he had to do.

2. Of all the patients waiting, who tried to behave like the bravest? Was he/she really braver? (March 2006) The small boy called Maurice tried to behave as if he was very brave. But actually he was scared and tried to hide his fear by reading a magazine. He had not forgotten the pain he had experienced last time and so now decided to ask for an aneshesia. So he was not brave.

3. The play shows how people have fantastic ideas about dentists. Are they justified?The patients saw the nurse carrying hammer, pliers etc., into the surgery. Some sounds are heard from surgery. Dentist comes out and says that he is off to get someone who knows about the job. Hearing this all except one patient left the hall.

4. Why did the patients leave the doctor without consulting him?While they were waiting for the doctor, they saw the nurse taking a hammer, next some big pliers and later a hacksaw into the surgery room. They became anxious and were afraid of consulting the doctor. Moreover, they waited of a long time, but the doctor had not finished with the first patient. So, all the patients got disgusted and left the doctor one by one saying different pretexts.

5. What does the humour in the play, "The First Patient" depend on? The humour in the play, "The First Patient", dependas on misunderstanding on the part of the patients. The dentist lost the key of his instrument cabinet. In order to open the cabnet - a saw, a hammer and a large pair of pliers were taken in, while the first patient was waiting in the room. Other patients thought that the dentist was using the saw, the hammer and the pliers against the left the place in fear.

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The Beauty of Brotherhood

It is a speech given by Martin Luther King Junior while ccepting Nobel peace prize in a ceremony on Thursday, December 10, 1964 at Aula of the university, Oslo in Norway. According to the speaker, the Nobel prize awarded to him was in recognitin of non violence as the answer to the crucial, politcal and moral questions of his times and the need for man to overcome oppression. He accepts the award on behalf of the Civil Rights Movement which is moving with determination to reign of freedom and a rule of Justice.
Notions refused by the speaker:

a) The 'isness' of man's present nature makes him morally incapable of reaching up for the eternal 'oughtness'.
b) Man is unable to influence the event surrounding him.
c) Mankind is tragically bound to the starless midnight of racism and the bright day break of peace and brogher hood can never become real.
d) Nation after nation would be destroyed in war.

Beliefs of the speaker:i) Unarmed truth and unconditional love will have the final word in reality.
ii) Right temporarily defeated is stronger than evil triumphant.
iii) There will be a brighter tomorrow in the midst of violence.
iv) The wounded justice, lying prostrate on the blood flowing streets, can be lifted from the dust of shame to reign supreme.
v) What self centred men have torn-down, men other - centred can build up.
vi) Non-violent redemptive good will be proclaimed the rule of the land.
vii) Man kind will bow before the altar of God.
viii) Faith can give the mankind the required courage to face the uncertainties of the future.

1. In his speech "The Beauty of Brotherhood" Martin Luther King Jr. refused to accept certain ideas and nations. What are they?Notions refused by Martin Luther King:
a) The 'isness' of mna's present nature makes him morally incapable of reaching up for the eternal 'oughtness'.
b) Man is unable to influence the event surrounding him.
c) Mankind is tragically bound to the starless midnight of racism and the bright day break of peace and brother hood can never become real.
d) Nation after nation would be destroyed in war.

2. What phrases, words and sentences indicate that the violence against the Blacks was unprovoked?
(Or)
How brutally were the Black Americans treated by the Whites?Martin Luther King Jr. was a crusader. He wanted to stop the racial injustice committed by the Whites on the Blacks. The life of Negroes in America was pathetic in the times of Martin Luther King Jr. The Negroes who were appealing for brotherhood were answered with fire hoses, snarling dogs and even death. The Negro youth, who were seeking the right to vote were brutally killed. Some churches or houses of worship sheltering Blacks were bombed and burnt. Most Blacks thus led a pathetic life due to the inhuman treatment meted out to them by the Whites.

3. What does the award of the prize for according to Martin Luther King? According to Martin Luther King the award of the prize stands for the profound recognition of the value of the nonviolent movement. Non-violence can be the answer for the brutal cruelty and oppression. He accepts the award on behalf of the Civil Rights Movement which is moving with determination to reign of freedom and a rule of Justice.

4. How does the speaker want to turn the 'cosmic elegy' into 'creative psalm'? Martin Luther King regarded the recognition of non-violence as the answer to the question of the man to overcome oppression. He felt that the Black. Americans, like the Indians, had demonstrated to the world that non-violence was not a sterile passivity but a powerful moral force. It was a way of social transformation, as violence was an antithetical concept of civilization. This social transformation would thereby bring about a change. This was the song of sadness - cosmic elegy - that plagued the world. By overcoming moral oppression, or cosmic elegy, King believes there would come about a creative psalm of brotherhood. Sooner or later King hoped that the people of the world would learn to live together, reject revenge, aggression and retaliation. The foundation of all this lay in love.

5. Why does the speaker call the battle 'Creative'?In every battle, generally deaths are caused and so we call them destructive battles. But the speaker in his speech calls the battle 'Creative' because he wants to create right and equal society in U.S.A.

6. In the Beauty of Brotherhood Martin Luther King Jr. says that he has great faith in the future. What are the things he believes will happen? Martin Luther King Jr... speaks positively about the future, even though the global situation of his time was married by an arms race and social discrimination. King believes that in the future, nations would not hurt themselves towards a war of thermonuclear destruction. He believes in the power of non- violence and unconditional love bringing about a brighter future in a war - torn world. Despite the blatant denial of justice and cruelty in his time he believes that the wrongs against people will be redeemed. Despite starvation and the lack of educaiton and culture, people in future would receive three meals - a day and the chance to be educated and live with dignity and freedom. Finally he believes that people will rise above the prevailing godless situation and begin to praise the Creator despite all the Biblical prophecy of the lion and the lamb sharing a common hearth and everyman having his own material needs fulfilled, shall come to pass.

7. How appropriate is Martin Luther Kings' comparison of himself to the pilot of a plane on a successful flight? Martin Luther King leads a civil rights movement against racial discrimination. Since is supported by many known and unknown people, and as he believes that he can lead them to victory, he compares himself to the pilot of a place on a successful flight. So the comparison quite appropriate.

8. Martin Lugher's speech is full of bold and suggestive phrases like 'audacious faith', 'flotsam and jetsam in a river of life', 'the starless midnight of racism', etc. What do they mean? Martin Luther kings says that he has full and audacious faith in the goodness of man. He refuses to accept that man had lost his significance by making himself flotsam and jetsam. He also refuses to accept that break of peace and brogherhood can never become a reality. He believes that we can overcome the weakness one day.

9. It is a 'logical' speech or an 'emotional' speech. How? It is more or less a very emotional speech. Emotions are caused by injustice made to the black people in the U.S.A. It is less logical because he does not give any logical points to bring the possibility of a just society based on equality.

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The Thrills of Bird Watching

Bird watching is one of the most peaceable pursuits. It is full of adventures, rewards and disappointments. The author, Salim Ali, says the bird watching is a thrilling activity. The three kinds of thrills of bird watching are extracting clues, following them step by step and arriving at the confirmation of facts. He says that in every colony of Baya Weaver birds, a number of abandoned half-built are seen

The discovery of the author: The author discovered the art of the male birds in constructing nests. The male Baya weaver bird selects a tree to hang its retort shaped nests. Several male birds build together in a colony. At a particular stage in the construction female birds arrive with a great noise from the welcoming male birds. They visit nest after nest to inspect the workmanship. They approve some nests and abandon some nests. The approved nest will be built by the male bird with a long entrance tube. The female bird lays eggs in it and brings up the family.

The thrilling experiences of the author: When the author was on his way to Lake Manasarovar, he saw a tiny bird on the top of a bush. He took a step back forgetting that he was standing on the edge of an abyss. If he had moved a little bit more, he would he have rolled down into the abyss. When he was going through dense tall grass he had a glimpse of the head of a tusker elephant coming down the same path from the opposite direction. He turned to flee as fast as he could but fortunately the elephant had not noticed his presence.

The author says that there are two circumstances while can cause an elephant to be particularly dangerous. They are (a) When there is stampede of a frightened herd of elephants and (b) when an elephant come upon at close quarters with a wild elephant or a female elephant with a calf.

1. The writer gives examples of three kinds of thrills in bird - watching. What are they? (Or)
What does Salim Ali say are the three kinds of thrills in bird watching?
(Or)
In what ways can bird watching be a thrilling experience?
(Mar 92, 2006, Sept.96) 
Dr. Salim Ali says that ornithology as a hobby or profession does not lack in excitements and thrills. The thrills are different from the thrill of more conventional adventures as this hobby is one of the most peaceable pursuits of the outdoors. The thrill of bird watching lies in ferreting clues. The next step is to follow these clues step by step. In the final analysis the discovery many amount to a confirmation of a fact or facts or it may be the discovery of a hunch that one has just obtained as a mere suspicion.

2. Why is bird watching a thrilling activity? Describe two to of Salim Alli's thrilling experiences of bird watching? (March 99, Sept.99) According to Dr. Salim Ali, bird watching, considered to be a peaceable outdoor sport, is not lacking in excitements and thrills albeit of a different sort. According to him the excitement lies in ferreting out facts which from clues to be followed up, step, which ultimately lead to the discovery or confirmation of facts.
Salim Ali describe two such thrilling experiences of bird watching. The first one was when he was going to Lake Manasarovar, Mr. Kailas, when he happened to see a tiny bird called yellow napped Yuhina. He took a step backwards towards the edge of a cliff, to have a clearer look at the bird. This would have made him fall down the cliff if he had gone any further. Luckily he was saved by the porter.

On another occasion he had, by chance, observed the nesting and breeding habits of bay weaver birds and how the male birds enticed female birds into courtship.
(Or)
On another occasion, in Feb. 1946 Omar and Ali wee passing through a narrow animal track in Cochin Forest with forest guard. Suddenly he saw taller elephants striding down the same path from the opposite direction. He ran for his life motioning Omar to do the same.

3. What is the term used to describe a person who makes a scientific study of birds? A person who makes a scientific study of birds is called an Ornithologist.

4. Why does the writer use certain words like polygamist, happy husband, wives, families etc., in connection with the bird?While describing the male Baya bird, Salim Ali used works like polygamist, happy husband, families etc., as they are are all nearer to the habits of human beings in society. He wrote humorously just to create interest in the public.

5. What are salim Ali's findings about the breeding habits of Baya weaver bird?The male Baya bird selects babool or palm tree and builds half of the nest and waits for the arrival of a female bird. If female bird approves that nest, it gets into the nest and then the male bird completes the rest of it. They become mates and give rise to generation. The male bird begins to build another nest. Thus the male bird may get four or five wives one after another.

6. Why were some nests made by the male baya weaver bird rejected?The male baya or weaver bird build nests in babul or palm trees prior to courting a partner. When the female bayas arrive at the colony of newly built nests, which at this stage are half built, they examine each nest for its workmanship. During this time, the male birds clings on to the outside of their nests, excitedly flapping their wings, as if in invitation to the female, at the same time keenly awaiting the verdict. If the female bird is satisfied with the construct of the nest she takes possession of the nest and the advances of the male owner of the nest. The male thereafter begins the task of completing the nest. As some nest are thus left unapproved the male baya abandons them and begins to make a fresh one instead, to woo a female. Thus in every baya colony there are a few abandoned nests of this kind. It is erroneous to believe that these half built structures are used by male bayas to swing from and sing lullabies to the incubating female baya nearby.

7. In 'The Thirlls of Bird Watching', the author says that in every colony of Bay Weaver birds, a number of abandoned half - built nests are seen. What was the popular explanation for his? What did the author discover? Male baya birds build nests. The female birds visit the nests in a group, amidst great noise and excitement from the welcoming males. They inspect the workmanship of the nests. They select some and reject some. The popular explanation was that the half-built nests were for the use of the male to swing himself and sing love songs.

8. According to Salim Ali, what two circumstances can an elephant to be particularly dangerous? i) It should be a rogue elephant or
ii) It must be a female with a small calf.

9. While describing his adventures the writer also gives graphic description of nature. Why does he do so? Birds live in natural habitats of certain trees. While watching the birds, we can observe beautiful nature also. So to get a clear picture, Salim Ali describes nature also.

10. Refer to para 6, Why does the writer does the writer describe the Cochin Forest Tram way so elaborately? How does it connect with next paragraph?The tram way was acclaimed to be the cheapest run railway system in the country, because the workers were paid low salary and it worked on fuel wood. It was laid for transporting logs from the forest. It was connected with the next paragraph in a suitable and probable way. He described the trobles they faced in their travel which was considered to be adventutous.

11. How can we expect the birds to have read the books and behave to the pattern? Why do you find them humorous? The author was describing a colony of birds to know about their breeding habits. Surprisingly he found that their behaviour was not in accordance with the account given by the earlier ornithologists in their books. So, he sarcastically remarks that perhaps the birds have not read those books. It is a good example of Salim Ali's humour.

12. Give brief account of the Cochin Forest Tramway?It was the cheapest run railway system in the country. It was originally laid by Cochin Forest Department for transporting logs from the interior. It worked on a combined system of wire ropes, pulleys, weights and counter weights. It ran fuel wood cut from the surroundings. Normally it did not carry passengers. But when a forest officer on duty or a V.I.P was travelling up the line, an iron wagon with chairs placed within was attached. It was later dismantled to make way for a hydro electric project.

13. When was the Cochin Forest Tramway dismantled? What was established there?Cochin Forest Tramway was dismantled in February 1946, to make way for the gigantic Parambikulam hydro-electric project with its huge dam and reservoir.

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The Romance of A Busy Broker

Harvey Maxwell was a busy and efficient broker in New York. He was quite forgetful. He married his stenographer, Leslie. So, he wanted to appoint a new steno. He had instructed Pitcher, his confidential clerk, to engage another stenographer. He wanted him to call from "Stenographer's Agency" one candidate for a position in his office.

Miss Leslie was softly radiant. Her eyes were dreamily bright. Her expression was a happy one since she married Mr. Maxwell the previous day. She was expecting another stenographer to be appointed in her place. She knew that Mr. Maxwell was quite forgetful. She wanted to know from Pitcher whether a new stenographer was appointed in her place. When she approached Maxwell's desk, he talked to her in business like manner. She was sure that he forgot everything and then she went to her seat to work until someone came to fill the place.

When the lady from the Agency was introduced to Mr. Maxwell, he became angry with Pitcher. As he was absent indeed, he forgot that he had wanted to appoint a new steno. So, he said that Miss Leslie had given perfect satisfaction and she could contine as long as she wished and there was no place open for any. He sent away all the candidates. As he forgot that he had married Leslie, he put a proposal to marry her. Then she rose to her feet and gazed upon him round-eyed... (imagine what had happened later)

A possible conclusion: At first Leslie seemed to overcome with amazement, then tears rolled down her eyes. She smiled. One of her arms tenderly slid about the broker's neck. She reminded the forgetful broker that they were married the pervious day in the tittle church. Their marriage was kept a secret from the staff.

1. Who was Harvey Maxwell? Why was he so busy?Ans: Harvey Maxwell was a stock broker in New York. The stock Brokers are generally busy with the exchanging business of shares. The stock Broker is just like a machine with a number of phone calls regarding selling and buying of shares.

2. What was the strange thing about the life of the New York broker? In O'Henry's The Romance of a Busy Broker the New York busy broker was Mr. Maxwell. He used to work like a machine from the moment he stepped into his office. He attended to ringing telephone, telegraph messages, the queries of his customers who came to buy or sell their sell their shares. He forgot the world around him in his busy schedule. He even frogot about his intention to propose marriage to his secretary with whom he had fallen in love. That was the strange thing about the New York broker.

3. 'The old man was getting more and more absent minded', Pitcher said. Do you think he was right in saying so? Pitcher, the confidential clerk of Maxwell was right in saying that Maxwell was getting more and more absent minded, because Maxwell was so busy that he could not attend to his personal love affair with rest and peace.

4. What does the way of Maxwell's life suggest? His way of life suggests many things. He is a machine without human heart and works like a machine. He does not know what love and affection are. He treats the loving hours also as business hours.

5. How does the busy broker's office look, on a working day? The busy broker's office on a working day resembles in miniature, the upheavals at the stock exchange which the author likens to a place affected by hurricanes, landslides, snowstorms, glaciers and volcanoes which create chaos and disrupt the peace of normal life. In the same way Mr. Maxwell seems to be very busy attending to his customers who come to sell or buy shares, attending to the telephones, reading the ticker tapes. Messenger boys run in and out with messages and telegrams. The clerks in the office jumped about like sailors during a storm! Everybody seems to be very busy doing their work, with trained agility and having no chance to think about anyone or anything.

6. "Mr. Pitcher", she said to the confidential clerk. Did Mr. Maxwell say anything yesterday about engaging another stenographer? Why was Miss Leslie interested in finding out if another stenographer was being appointed? Miss Leslie knew that Mr. Maxwell was quite forgetful. She wanted to know from Mr. Pitcher whether a new stenographer was appointed in her place since she was married to Mr. Maxwell the previous day. Maxwell in fact ordered that new candidates for the position should be called for. When she approached Maxwell's desk he talked to her in business like manner. She was sure that he forgot everything and then she went to her in business like manner. She was sure that he forgot everything and then she went to her seat to work until someone came to fill the place.

7. What accounted for the dreamy look on Harvey Maxwell's stenographer's face that morning?Miss Leslie was softly radiant. Her eyes were dreamily bright. Her expression was happy one since she married. Mr. Maxwell the previous day. She was expecting another stenographer to be appointed in her place.

8. Why was Maxwell of "The Romance of a Busy Broker?" angry with Pitcher for introducing lady stenographer from the agency? (Or) What did Maxwell say when Pitcher told him that the Agency had sent someone to be interviewed for the post of stenographer?Harvery Maxwell was angry for introducing the lady stenographer form the Agency. He said that Miss Leslie can be with the firms as long as she wished and there is no place open to any.

9. In 'The Romance of a Busy Broker', why had Maxwell instructed Pitcher to engage another stenographer? Maxwell had instructed Pitcher to engage another stenographer because he had married the present stenographer Miss Leslie the previous night but he had forgotten about the marriage.

10. In What ways Miss Leslie unlike the usual stenographers?Miss Leslie forwent the pump of the alluring pompadour. She wore no chains bracelets or lockets. He dress was grey and plain, but it fitted her figure with fidelity and discretion. In these ways Miss Leslie was unlike the usual stenographers.

11. Three endings are suggested to the unfinished story. Which do you think is appropriate? The third ending is probably appropriate. They might have been married the previous evening at the corner church. Maxwell might have forgotten about his marriage. His busy engagement in business must have made him forget about his marriage with stenographer Miss Leslie.

12. The story "The Romance of a Busy Broker" was left incomplete in your supplementary Reader. How would you like to complete the story? Maxwell married his stenographer, Leslie, the previous day. He might have forgotten that he had married her. In his forgetfulness, he proposed to marry her. How forgetful he was! (Or)
At first Leslie seemed to overcome with amazement, then tears rolled down her eyes. She smiled. One of her arms tenderly slid about the broker's neck. She reminded the forgetful broker that they were married the previous day in the little church. Their marriage was kept secret from the staff.

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The Villagers Curiosity

The author of this lesson is Sri M.N.Srinivas. He had to collect information about the way of the life of the villagers. He would later lecture on the material to students in English. So, he had to stay in a village. He preferred Rampura in Karnataka because he had some access with the villagers.

a) The nature of the villagers: The villagers were very curious about the visitors and their way of living. They are surprised if the habits of the visitors differ from their habits. They were surprised about the meal habits of the author. His bachelor hood was also a subject of frequent comment. The way he ate, his personnel matters as answering calls of nature and the daily bath were not outside the public domain. They want to know the work of the visitor. They think that, their places and language are the best in the world. They treated the writer with utmost respect because he returned from England acquiring vast knowledge of men and events. The head man of the village showed great respect by addressing him Vedamurthi. They believed in their age old culture and customs. They are ready to reform and change their culture and habits.

b) Narrow mindedness of the Villagers: The villagers believed that all intelligence and beauty were concentrated in Mysore state. They told the author that as one neared the borders of the state people became darker and uglier. They support this view by saying that Mysoreans were better looking than their neighbours.

c) Attitude of the author: The author like the plain behaviour of the villagers. He prevented his village friends from visiting him in Mysore. He felt mean about shutting them out. So, he tried to make his behaviour by being extra cordial to them after returning from each trip to Mysore. He invited them to snacks and coffee.

d) Privacy of the author: Since the villagers were eager to visit the author's house and meet his people, he determined to avoid them. He kept his Mysore visit a secret from the villagers because of the villager's pervasive curiosity and their frequent and untimely visits. He told many lies to escape from them. But they are friendly and helpful to the visitors.

1. In some respects the villagers were proverbial frogs in the well. "What example of narrow mindedness of the villagers does the author give?
(Or)
What ideas on the nature of the villagers do you get from the essay 'The villager's curiosity'?
(Or) In 'The Villager's curiosity', what do you think is the writer's attitude to the behaviour of the villager?
(Or)
What is the writer's attitude to the behaviour of the villagers? Did he admire them? Did they disgust him? Did he feel sorry for himself that he was not a part of their life?
The writer was kind and hospitable to the villagers. He did not admire them. The villagers disgusted him by asking many silly questions. He did not feel sorry for himself that he was not a part of their life.

The author says that the villagers are by and large narrow-minded. To illustrate his view point he refers Nadu Gowda that all intelligence and beauty were concentrated in Mysore state. He listed out some of the names of the administrators of which some do not belong to Mysore at all. 
In support of his view that Mysoreans were better looking than their neighours he told the author that as one neared the borders of the state people became darker and uglier. Another villager asked him whether Kannada was not spoken in England.

2. You must have noticed that though the author once belonged to the village he had become a stranger there. What made him feel like a stranger? As the author had grown out of the village life, he had become a stranger there. The villagers curiosity to know the urban life, his methods of eating, bathing and such other things made him feel like a stranger.

3. What was the attitude of the villagers towards the autor? Did they consider him to be a stranger?The villagers were kind and respectful towards the author. They were prepared to help him in any way he required from them. They did not consider him to be a stranger, but a person of their own village.

4. The villagers treated the writer with utmost respect. Why?The villagers treated the writer iwht utmost respect because he had grown up out of the village atmosphere and had visited the village coming from England. He also sought their help in preparing notes for his research work. They treated the writer with utmost respect because he returned from England acquiring vast knowledge of men and events. The head man of the village showed great respect by addressing him Vedamurthi.

5. Though the writer belonged to the village once, why didn't he feel free with the people in the village. Was it bacause his job demanded him to behave like a stranger? Was it because he had out grown village life?Though the writer belonged to the village once, he did not feel free with the people in the village because he had out grown village life.

6. 'By and large, villagers took an intellectual interest in their culture' (A) What is the intellectual interest? How is it different from other kinds of interest? What kind of interest did the writer have in the culture of the villager (B) What idea of the culture of the villagers do you get from this essay?(A) Intellectual interest was an interest shown by villagers in knowing about the English way of life and pass theirs to England. Owing to this interest they felt a little proud and showed much interest in helping the author.

This kind of interest seemed to be strange to the writer, but they are interested in him. Their culture and life were quite different from the life he was spending.

(B) The culture of the villagers was innocent but interesting. In each of their thoughts, they seemed to have displayed some superiority to others.

7. Why had M.N. Srinivas to stay in the village? What was he nature of his work? M.N. Srinivas had to stay in the village as he was collecting some information regarding the people and their customs.

8. In 'The Villager's Curiosity', why did the writer feel guilty when he returned from his visit to Mysore? What did he do to get rid of the feeling? The writer would avoid the visitors from the village when he is in Mysore on some pretext or the other. To do away with the sense of guilt after returning from each trip from Mysore, he becomes extra nice to them.

9. What picture of the villagers does M.N. Srinivas gives us in 'The Villager's Curiosity? M.N. Srinivas represented the villagers as being interfering in nature. They unnecessarity interfere in others affairs. The fallacious notions of them about the mysterious beguile their ignorance.

10. Why did the headman's son offer to steal the old woman's hen? What effect did he think this would have? (June 2000) The headman's son in "The Villager's Curiosity" offered to steal the old woman's hen in order to provoke her to display her mastery over the vocabulary of curses and abuse.
He thought this wuld give some idea to the writer about the village women about whom the writer could describe in his notes.

11. Why did M.N. Srinivas, the writer, keep his Mysore visits a secret from the villager's?The writer, M.N. Srinivas was already busy engaging the villagers at the village. He wanted to have some free time to recuperate and relax after four or five weeks of his field work. So he did not want anyone to come to him to Mysore and disturb him. So he kept his Mysore visits a secret from the villagers.

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Grooming

1. In 'Grooming' Desmond Morris describes types of talking what are they?Desmond Morris, the essaist, mentions that the custom of talking, according to him, evolved due to the need for a co-operative exchange of information carried out along four major patterns of learnt sound signals.

a) Information talking: The first of these is the system of information talking, whereby communicators refer to objects in the environment as well as to the past present and future. 

b) Mood talking: In the next stage of evolvement this communication pattern takes on the system of mood talking, by which we express more through different vocal tones ranging from yelps and screams to soft cooings.

c) Exploratory talking: The third form of verbalization is exploratory talking where the speaker's main intention is to play at talking, purely as a for of aestheticism. This type of talking can be compared to picture making by an artist.

d) Grooming talk: The fourth form is grooming talking, which is polite chatter undertaken to maintain social togetherness after the speakers have exchanged smiles of greeting. hence this kind of talk is the most important substitute for social grooming.

2. According to Desmond Morris, what does information talking enable man to do? According to Desmond Morris, the behaviour pattern of talking evolved originally out of an increased need for a co-operative exchange of information which developed through a more complex series of learnt sound signals. These vocal units and their combinations and re-combinations became the basis of information talking. This enabled man to refer to objects in the environment and also to the past and future as well as to the present to get information to be useful.

3. The writer distinguishes two kinds of grooming. What are they? Why is the distinction necessary?
(Or)
Desmond Morris talks about two kinds or grooming in the essay on Grooming. What are these two types? Why is the distinction between the two necessary?
(Or)
What are the two kinds of grooming mentioned by Morris? How do they differ?The two kinds of grooming are 1. self-grooming (personal grooming) and 2. social grooming.

1. Self-grooming: This is to keep the body, hair and feathers warm, clean and free from parasites. Self-grooming is insufficient in that birds or animals cannot grooms some parts of their body. There fore the need for social grooming developed.

2. Social - Grooming: In this the groomer invites the groomee by some gestures of actions like lip-smaking among monkeys. This is to help two animals to stay close together and to tie together the inter personal bonds. Thus, a distinction between the two has been made the distinction is necessary because one is for the survival and the other for the social need.

4. What is the function of grooming in the life of animals? (March 90)
(Or)
Why did social grooming evolve?An animal can't groom its back and head all by itself. To overcome its difficulty, they have evolved social grooming. It is a friendly mutual aid system. It enables two animals to stay close together. It helps to tie tighter the inter-personal bonds (unibonds) between the individuals in a troop or colony even if the conditions of their fun hardly warrants it. Their motivation seems to be more social than cosmetic.

5. Grooming is a complex activity which consists of many subactivities. What are they?Grooming is a biological need among birds, animals, etc., it consists of many sub-activities they are licking, nibbling, scratching and rubbing.

6. How do animals survive the wear and tear of their body surface? Animals survive the wear and tear of their body surface by a wonderful system of tissue replacement and through certain special comfort movements.

7. How according to Desmond Morries, is the cocktail party different from the formal business encounter? In the cocktail party, serious talking is suppressed by the host or hostess who intervenes to break long conversation and afford the natural groomers maximum social contact. But in the formal business encounter, we can see a decline in the grooming talk. It is entirely confined to the opening and closing moments. Small or informal dinner parties provide a slightly different situation. Here the grooming talk can be observed to fade as the evening progresses and the verbal exchange of serious information and ideas can be seen to gain dominance.

8. What kinds of Grooming habits do we have? Give two examples. Smiling and verbalized vocalization are the grooming habits we have developed.

9. The writer says that we, human beings are also like the other creatures as far as our grooming habits are concerned. In what respects are human beings similar in grooming? Why? Like Birds and other Animals, man who is the higher primate, also requires some sort of grooming. He also evolves social grooming in the form of smiling and verbal vocalisation. Animals do lipsmacking, birds do preening while man smiles. Social gatherings on occasions or parties are know as grooming sources. So, we too like grooming as well as the other animals.
(Or)
What is the human substitute for social grooming? What is it function in our society?
The human substitute of social grooming is 'grooming talking' which is a polite chatter on social occasions. It enables us to expose ourselves communally to one another over long periods and helps to strengthen the valuable bonds of friendship. Its function is to reinforce the greeting smile and to maintain the social togetherness.

10. What is the writer's explanation for some people fondle their pets by stroking or scratching them? (Or) "Pet animals are more inviting and few naked apes can resist the temptation to stroke a cat's fur or scratch a dog behind the ear". What reason does the author Desmaond Morris give for such behaviour in naked apes? (Mar, Sep89)Naked skins many not send out exciting grooming signals. Fluffy or furryclothing often releases strong groom response. That is the reason why man often strokes the cat's fur, scratches a dog behind the ear. Some people fondle their pet animals or birds by stroking or scratching them because it will satisfy their urge for grooming.

11. What is grooming talk? How is it different from three sums of talking?Grooming talk plays a dominant role immediately after the initial greeting ritual. If the group has come together for purely social reasons grooming talk may, of course, persist throughtout to the exclusion of information, mood or exploratory talk.

12. Some Latin writer called man 'Homo Lequens' i.e., 'Man, the talking animal'. Man's ability to speak, to use language does the job of many of the behaviour patterns of animals. How does language function as a grooming device?Man is the only animal that can laugh and talk. Instead of some movements of gestures, man gets grooming service or offers his service to others using his language. It acts as a grooming service among human beings. We make lengthy and meaningless talks just for a sense of pleasure.
(Or) 
In human grooming, smiling (the 'grooming invitation' substitute) has to be maintained in order to reinforce the initial friendly contacts. This can be done through our ability to speak and to sue the language, Language, here, has become our substitute for social grooming and functions as a device to maintain the social togetherness.

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Animals Forever

1. What species or living things are endangered of extinction?Many mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish are some of the species of living things endangered of extinction. Gerald Durrel, fears that trees and plants and shrubs too are faced with extinction.

2. In paragraph 4 the writer says, "The world is as delicated and as complicated as a spider's web....." What is the point of comparison? Is it to suggest that the world is a trap to catch animals? *
(Or)
"The world is as delicate and as complicated as a spider's web" What does it mean? The world is as delicate and so complicated as a spider's web. If we touch one thread of the web, we will send shudders to all the threads in the web. In the same way, if one species is put to danger the other species will also be put to danger because of ecological balnce. Similarly in the world all the created things are interdependent and interconnected with one another.
Or
Gerald Durrell has compared our world with a spider's web because of its intrinsic complexity and delicacy. He claims that the world of living creatures has the same fragility as a spider's web because if one interferes with a single aspect of this system, like a spider's web, it sends shudders through all the threads of links in the chain of this system. Durrell goes on to explain that like the web, this system is delicate and man, by his callous disregard of the fragility of the system, through his actions, is creating large holes in it. So just as large hole in a spider's web leads to the complete collapse of the entire web, such actions by man is akin to the waging of a biological war on the world around us.

3. Why does "paper protection" of animals prove to be futile? The 'paper protection' of animals is the protection of animals, by the government, by passing a law to that effect. It proves to be futile because it does not guarantee sufficient funds to make it an effective law. Although paper protection helps to set up reserves there are no funds allocated for funding zoologists, ecologists or biologists who could tell whether the reserves were the most important areas for the protected species. Even investigations for finding out whether there were any animals of the concerned species in that reserve were not investigaged prior to declaring the area as a protected reserve. The suitability of those areas for creating reserves too, were not investigated under the terms of this paper protection. The lack of funds under this law led to the non-employment of guards and wardens, thus making the paper protection of reserves null and void.

4. What does the phrase 'paper protection' in para 12 mean?
For a government, 'paper protection' is some act or an order for protection of wild life. It is purely limited to paper only. But it doesn't see whether such an order is executed or implemented.

5. The writer described two important measures to conserve wild life in para 14 and 15. What are they?The writer suggests two important measures to conserve wild life. A government should allot sufficient funds to maintain the reserves of wild life. Some species of animals can be saved being taken into zoological gardens or zoo parks and bred under controlled conditions. Required guards should be employed to protect them.

6. What did Red Data Books (Produced by Internation Union for the capitalization of Nature)deal with? The Red Data Books (produced by the International Union for the conservation of Nature) deals with mammals and birds in the world that are facing extinction directly or indirectly through the interference of man.

7. We know that 'Buffalo Bill' Cody.... the writer says 'much lauded'. Why does he
say so? (March 89, 2002)
(0r)
In 'Animals Forever' how did the North American buffalo come very near to extinction?
The writer of "Animals Forever" says that Buffalo Bill Cody killed the north American wild buffaloes in hundreds. Still, the writer syas, he is much lauded. Who lauded Buffalo Bill Cody? What is the writer's attitude to Buffalo Bill? In Animals Forever Gerald Durrell referred to the North American Buffalo which was almost about to get extinct. At first it was killed in order to provide meat to the Red Indians, the natives America. In the next instance it was killed as a deliberate act of policy in order to try to starve the Red Indians to deth. It was one of the commodities that the Red Indians could not do without. Finally, it was killed merely for its tongue, which ws considered a delicacy. "Buffalo Bill" Cody once killed two hundred and fifty buffaloes in one day americans lauded him. The writer condemns this senseless killing.

8. The passenger pigeons were so delicious to eat, so plentiful, Who thought so? How did it become extinct? (June 2001)
(or)
What is the story of the passenger pigeon that the writer tells us in Animals Forever? What does it prove? Passenger pigeon was the most numerous species of bird in the world. Flocks of them darkened the skied and perched on the trees. Mostly the people of North America killed the birds abundantly. They were so delicious to eat and so plentiful to get. This might be the cause of their killing.
(Or)
Flocks of passenger pigeons estimated at two billion used to darken the skies. The weight of their numbers perching in trees could break off quite large branches. It was impossible, everyone thought that the passenger pigeon could ever be exterminated. So they killed and the last passenger pigeon in the world died in 1914. It proves that whatever be the numerical value of species they become extinct if they are not properly taken care of.

9. We noticed that the writer is ironical, satirical when we see 'Buffalo Bill' and so deliciuls to eat. Can you find some examples of his irony? 
The writer ironically said that 'Buffalo Bill' was 'much lauded' and the deliciousness and plentifulness of the passenger pigeons. Some more examples of his irony can be observed to para 8. Man is clever enough to obliterate a species, but not clever enough to recreate the same. An old man should die of bleeding, though plenty of blood is available with the blood bank, because some day he has to die. The people of whaling industry say "Harvest" but not "kill" the whales and their mottois to get rich today and to hell with tomorrow.

10. In para 9 the writer said such a shriek, such an out cry, such lamentation, that ..... etc., What does he mean by the repetition of 'such'?By the repetition of 'such' in the sentence, the writer meant to say that if a few human beings were knocked down, there would be a great protest and out cry over the death but they do not bother at the death of millions of birds and animals in a year. This shows the indifferent attitude of man towards the wild life.

11. "Not that I'm against the motor car per se, but you do see my point" Do you see his point? What is it?If the people of a country protest the accidental deaths of human beings, the government may make them give up the motor cars showing much attention towards the human beings. Here the writer is not against the motor cars, but he points out why the people or the government of a country would not be kind to the wild life to prevent the extinction of some species.

12. 'Study the epigraph at the beginning of this essay' What is the purpose of the quotation?It is to say that man is waging a biological war and destroying the world in which he lives. He lacks in fore thought and causing destruction to the mankind.

13. Do you see the similarity in attitude of the poets of 'On Killing a tree' 'Gallows', 'Snakes' and that of Gerald Durrell to he subjects?In Gieve Patel's, 'On killing a tree' he criticises the man's cruelty in killing a tree as man has no right to kill it. In 'Gallows' Edward Thomas said the man kills the animals for his own benefits not for his survival. In 'Snake', D.h. Lawrence regretted his mean and vulgar misdeed in trying to harm the snake. So the three poets have the similar attitude of Gerald Durrell.

14. "We are waging a sort of Biological war on the world around us". says Durrel. How are we doing it.a) We are sending our industrial waste into the rivers.
b) We are polluting the sea and air.
c) It creates ecological imbalance and destruction to a number of living things.

15. How did the Australian Government preserve 'Noisy Scrub bird'? In Asustralia, they re-discovered the Noisy Scrub Bird which had been thought to be extinct. It's nesting ground happended to be on a site which had been chosen for a large township. But the whole thing was replanned, in order that the Bird should be left in peace and have its own reserve.

16. How did then Duke of Bedford save the Pere David deer from extinction? Pere David deer became extinct during Boxer Rebellion. But the then Duke of Bedford collected all the Pere David deer, he could find in the zoological gardens. He released them on his estate at Woburn. There they flourished and bred. Thus it was saved.

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